1st Semester 2011

MODULE 1:


MEDICAL EDUCATION 
(COMMUNITY MEDICINE) :

INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATICS

· Uses of biostatic in medicine· Methods of collection data
- By conducting survey
- Data collected from records
- Types of data :
a. Constant data
b. Variables

· Methods of presentation
- Numerical presentation :
a. Simple numerical presentation ( ungrouped or unclassified data )
b. Tabular presentation ( grouped data )

Types of tables :
Simple frequency distribution table
Table of an association or contingency table
Comparing frequency distribution table

Two way table or two way classification
- Graphical presentation :
a. The line graph
b. The bar chart
c. The histogram
d. The frequency polygon
e. The pie chart

- Mathematical presentation
a. Measures of central tendency :
The arithmetic mean
The median
The mode

b. Measures of dispersion :
Range
Standard Deviation

MEDICAL ETHICS
· Definition of medical ethics
· Historical background
· Importance of medical ethics
· Principles of medical ethics

- Autonomy
- Non- Malfeasance
- Beneficence
- Confidentiality ( Fidelity )
- Social responsibility and justice ( fairness )
- Truth telling ( Veracity )
- Preservation of life

· General rules included in Egyptian Code of ethics.

· Physician’s responsibility towards colleagues, profession and community
- What makes a good doctor ?
- Physician’s relationship with colleagues
- Physician’s responsibilities towards profession
- Physician’s responsibilities toward community

· Ethical principles of doctor – patient relationships .
- Patient’s right
- Patient’s responsibilities
- Physician’s responsibilities towards patients

· Medical confidentiality
- Definition of medical confidentiality
- Information about the disease
- Information not related to disease
- Patient’s information
- Importance of medical confidentiality
- Breach of confidentiality
- Conditions that allowed breach confidentiality
- Principles that should not be followed on allowing breach of confidentiality

· Ethical approves to culture beliefs and values
- What is culture ?
- How can culture influence medical practice?
- Negative effects of cultural disparities
- What is cultural competence
- Positive effects of cultural competence
- How can doctors gain cultural competence

· Ethical and legal issues in using information resources and copyrights.
- Definition of intellectual property
- What are the rights of literary and practice properties
- Legal protection of intellectual property
- Why do we use information resources in research and assignment
- Why should I include cite / references in my work
- When should I include references in my work
- How to write references
- How can academic misconduct be avoided
- Penalties of violation intellectual property


FORENSIC MEDICINE :
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

· Definition of medical terminology
· Categories of medical terms·

Fundamental of how medical terminology is constructed as a language·
Word roots that identify major organs in the body
· Technicolor term
· Tumor talk
· Directions
· Cardiovascular System Term & Procedures
· Nervous System Term & Procedures
· Digestive System Term & Procedures
· Respiratory System Term & Procedures
· Urinary System Term & Procedures
· Male Reproductive System Term & Procedures
· Female Reproductive System Term & Procedures
· Musculoskeletal System Terms & Procedures
· Cancer Terms

- Grading and Staging
- Causes of cancer
- Cancer Therapy

· E-Learning : Given task to search about a given topics from the medical webs such as PubMed, WHO and others.
- Audio
- Pictures
- Video
- Information

· Team Base Learning : Alzheimer’s Diseases
- Discovery
- Sign
- Treatment


MODULE 2: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
Biochemsistry(theory)

1. Introduction
2. Enzyme & coenzyme
i. Definition
ii. terms used in enzymology
iii. Terminology of enzyme
iv. General properties of enzyme
v. Enzyme specificity
vi. Mechanism of enzyme action
vii. Measurement of the rate of enzyme reaction
viii. Factors affecting the rate of enzyme reaction
ix. Isoenzyme
x. Clinical importance of enzyme
xi. Enzyme as tumour maker
· Definition of tumour maker
· Treatement of disease
xii. Classification of enzyme.

3. Carbohydrates
i. Definition
ii. Classification
v Monosaccaride
v Dissacaride
v polysaccaride
iii. Derivatives
iv. Metabolism of carbohydrates
v Fates of absorbed carbhohydrates
v Glycolysis
· Importance of glycolysis
· Function of glycolysis
· Regulation of glycolysis

v Cori cycle
v Pyruvate metabolism
v Citric acid cycle

· Importance of citric acid cycle
· Regulation of citric acid cycle
v Hexose monophosphate pathway
· Definition
· Steps
· Oxidative phase
· Non-oxidative phase
· Product
· Importance
· Regulation of hexose monophosphate pathway
v Uronic acid pathway
v Gluconeogenesis
· Definition of gluconeogenesis
v Convertion of phosphoenolpyruvate
· Glucogenic substrates
· Importance
· Regulation
v Glycogenesis
· definition
· Site & steps
· regulation
v metabolism of other sugars
· Fructose metabolism
· Galactose metabolism

4. Lipid
i. properties
ii. Biomedical importance
iii. classification of lipid
· Simple lipid
· Derived lipid
· Complex

iv. classification of fatty acid
v. biological importance
vi. lipid metabolism
vii. metabolism of triacylglycerol
v Oxidation of fatty acid
· Beta oxidation of fatty acid
· Regulation of beta oxidation
· Beta oxidation of odd chain fatty acid
· Omega oxidation of fatty acid

v Ketone bodies
· Synthesis of ketone bodies
· Regulation of ketone body synthesis
· Ketolysis
· Ketosis

viii. cholesterol
v Functionof cholestrol
v Synthesis of cholesterol
v Regulation of cholesterol
v Dynamics of plasma cholesterol

ix. Lipogenesis
v Fatty acid synthesis
· De novo synthesis
· Steps
· Regulation of de novo synthesis
v Synthesis of triacylglycerol
v Synthesis of phosphoglycerides
v Synthesis of spingolipids
v Carbohydrates containing sphingophospholipids

5) protein
i. classification of amino acid
v According to structure
v According to optical activity
v According to nutritional value

ii. properties of amino acids
v Optical activity
v Amphoteric activity

iii. Function
v Dynamic function
v Structural function

iv. protein structure
v Covalent bond
v Peptide bond
v Disulfide bond
v Non covalent bond
v Hydrogen bond
v Hydrophobic bond
v Electrostatic bond
v structure of protein
v Primary structure of protein
v Secondary structure of protein
v Tertiary structure of protein

vi.properties of protein
v Iso electric point

vii. denaturation of protein
v Definition
v Causes of denaturation
· Physical agent
· Chemical agent

v Biological chage of denaturation
v Classification of proteins
· According to shape
· According to structure

viii. protein metabolism
v Source of dietary protein
v Fated of absorbed amino acids
· Anabolic pathway
· Catabolic pathway

v Nitrogen balance
· Definition
· Nitrogen equilibrium
· Positive nitrogen balance
· Negative nitrogen balance

v Tranamination
· Aspartate transaminase
· Alanine trans amninase
· Biological importance of transamination

v Oxidative transamination
· Amino acid oxidases
v Non-oxidative deamination (direct deamination)
v Transdeamination
v Source of blood ammonia
v Fates of ammonia
· Amination of alpha ketoacids
· Glutamine synthesis
· Excretion in urine

v Mechanism of ammonia excretion by kidney
· Kerbs urea cycle
· 5 enzymes of urea cycle
· Link between kerbs urea cycle and kerbs tricarboxylic acid cycle
· Regulation of urea cycle

ix. serine
v Synthesis of serine
v Catabolism of serine
v Function and derivatives

x. cysteine
v Synthesis of cysteine
v Function and derivatives
v Formation of bile salts

xi. Methionine
v Function and derivatives
v Metabolism of homocysteine

xii. Phenylalanine/tyrosine.
v Synthesis of Tyrosine.
v Catabolic pathways of phenylalanine.
v Functions and derivatives.
v Metabolic disorder of phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolism.
· Phenylketoneuria.
· Tyrisonemia ot tyrosinosis.
· Alkaptoneuria.
· Albinism.

xiii. Tryptophan.
v Catabolic pathway.
v Pellagra.
v Functions and derivatives.
v Metabolic disorder of tryptophan.

xiv. Glycine.
v Synthesis of glycine.
v Catabolism of glycine.
v Function and Derivatives.

xv. Glutamic acid.
v Synthesis and catabolism of Glutamic acid.
v Function and derivatives of glutamate.
v Functions and derivatives of glutamine.

xvi. Aspartic acid.
v Synthesis and catabolism.
v Functions and derivatives.

5. Bioenergetics.
i. High energy compound.
ii. Electron Transport Chain.
v Definitons.
v The components of respiratory chain.
· Complex I
· Complex II
· Complex III
· Complex IV
· Coupling sites for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.

v Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
v Control of respiratory chain.
v Oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH.

6. Vitamin A
v Chemistry
v Synthesis
v Absorption & storage
v Function & physiological role
· Role as anticancer
· Role in cell growth
· Role in epithelial tissue
· Role in vision
v Deficiency
v Requirements

7. Vitamin D
v Chemistry
v Source
v Function
v Deficiency

8. Vitamin E
v Source
v Function

9. Minerals
v Classification
· Principal mineral elements
· Trace elements
v Copper
· Source
· Daily requirement
· Distribution
· Plasma level
· Functions
· Abnormal level

v Zinc
· Daily requirement

v Iodine
· Source
· Function
· deficiency

Team based Learning (TBL)

10. Disorder of carbohydrates metabolism.
v Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase deficiency.
· Percipitating factors in G6PD deficiency.

v Physiological jaundice of the newborn.
v Disorder of glycogen metabolism.
· Von Gierke's disease.
· McArdle's disease.

v Hereditary Defects in fructose metabolism.
· Essential Fructoseuria.
· Hereditary Fructose Intolerance.

v Galactosemia.
· Definition
· Pathogenesis
· Treatement

11. Lipoproteins
(i) blood lipids
(ii) plasma lipoprotein

v Apoprotein
· Function of apolipoprotein
· Types of apoprotein
- Apolipoprotein A
- Apoprotein B
- Apoprotein C
- Apoprotein E

· Separation of lipoprotein
- Electrophoresis
- ultracentrifuge

v metabolism of chylomicrons
· synthesis of nascent chylomicrons
· conversion of nascent chylomicrons to mature chylomicrons
· degradation of chylomicrons
· formation of chylomicrons remnants
· fate of chylomicron remnants

v metabolism of low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
· synthesis of nascent very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
· conversion to mature VLDL
· degradation by plasma LPL
· formation of VLDL remnants
· Fate of LDL

v Metabolism of high density lipoprotein (HDL)
· Chemistry
· Pathway
· Fate of HDL

12. Amino Acid Metabolism
· Glycine
o Synthesis
o Catabolism
o Functions of Derivatives

· Glutamic Acid
o Synthesis and Catabolism
o Functions and Derivative

· Aspartic Acid
o Synthesis and Catabolism
o Functions and Detivatives

13. Vitamins
· Definition
· Classification of Vitamins
· Water Soluble Vitamins
o B-Complex Vitamins
· Energy releasing B Complex Vitamins

o Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
§ Chemistry
§ Source
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

o Riboflavin (Vitamin B12)
§ Chemistry
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

o Reduction of isoalloxazine ring in flavin nucleotide
§ Definition

o Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
§ Chemistry
§ Sources
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

o Pantothenic Acid
§ Chemistry
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

o Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
§ Chemistry
§ Function
§ Deficiency

o Biotin
§ Chemistry
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

o Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid)
§ Chemistry
§ Sources
§ Functions
§ Deficiency

· Other Water Soluble Vitamins
o Vitamin C
§ Chemistry
§ Sources
§ Functions
§ Deficiency


BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

1. Principles of Physical Chemistry
v Laboratory hazards
· Fire and explosion
· Corrosive and caustic chemicals
· Poisons

v Cleaning of laboratory glassware
v Simple first aid in the laboratory
v Solution, solvent and solute
v Expression of the concentration of solution

· Percentage (%)
· Molar solution (M)
· Normal solution (N)
· Molal solution (m)

v Types of solutions
· Crystalloid
· Colloidal
· Suspension

v Properties of solution
· Diffusion
· Osmotic pressure

v Adsorption
v Surface tension
v Viscosity
v Dialysis

2. Factors Affecting Salivary Amylase
v Composition of saliva
v Properties of salivary amylase
v Steps of hydrolysis of starch by amylase
v Determination of achromic point
v Effects of temperature on salivary amylase activity
v Effects of pH on salivary amylase activity

3. Identification of Carbohydrate
v Classification of carbohydrate
v Monosccharides
· Molisch`s test
· Fehling test
· Osazone test
v Disaccharides
· Reducing
· Non-reducing

I. Molisch`s test
II. Fehling test
III. Seliwanoff`s reaction
IV. Hydrolysis of sucrose by acid
v Polysaccharides
· Preparation of starch solution
· Molisch`s test
· Fehling test
· Iodine test
· Hydrolysis of starch by acid
4. Determination of Glucose Concentration in Serum
v Sources of glucose
v Normal value
v Principlev
v Reagents
v Procedure and calculation

5. Identification of Lipid
v Fats and oils
v Physical properties
· Test of solubility of fats
· Grease spot test
· Emulsification of fats
v Chemical properties
· Copper acetate test
v Identification for fat soluble vitamins
· Test for retinol (vitamin A)

6. Determination of Total Lipid in Serum
v Normal value
v Principle
v Reagents
v Procedure
v Calculation and results

7. Determination of Cholesterol Concentration in Serum
v Chemistry of cholesterol
v Sources of cholesterol
· In diets
· In humans
v Biological importance
v Normal value
v Clinical significance
v Chemical method
· Principle
· Reagents
· Procedure
· Calculation and results
v Enzymatic method
· Principle
· Reagents
· Procedure
· Calculation and results

8. Identification of Proteins
v General classes of proteins
v Colour reaction of proteins
· Biuret test
· Xanthoproteic test
· Millon`s test
· Adamkiewicz-Hopkin reaction
· Sulphur test
· Molisch`s test
v Additional reaction of proteins
· Precipitation byheavy metal ions
· Precipitaition by alkaloidal reagents
· Heat coagulation test
· Precipitation of salts (salting out)
v Caseinogen
· Colour reaction
· Coagulation
· Precipitation of caseinogen at iso-electric point

v Peptones
· Colour reaction
· Coagulation
· Salting out

v Gelatin
· Colour reaction
· Coagulation
· Salting out

v Separation of plasma proteins
· Dialysis
· Ultracentrifugation
· Chromatography
I. Gel filteration chromatography
II. Ion- exchange chromatography
· Electro focusing technique

9. Protein Electrophoresis
v Principle
v Factor affecting rate of migration
v Method
v Importance of electrophoresis
v Clinical interpretation of electrophoretic pattern in some diseases
I. Myelomas and lymphoma (malignancy)
II. Nephrotic syndrome and hepatitis
III. AIDS

10. Identification of Unknown Substances
v Physical properties
· Shape
· Colour
· Odour
· Taste
· Solubility
· Reaction
· Heat dry test

v Chemical properties
· Biuret test
I. Heat coagulation test
II. Reaction using litmus paper

· Molisch`s test
I. Molisch`s test
II. Iodine test
III. Fehling test

· Reaction
· Substances soluble in ether
I. Grease spot test
II. Copper acetate test

11. Determination of Ammonia Concentration in Urine
v Principle
v Reagents
v Procedure
v Calculation
v Urea
· Solubility
· Biuret test
· Sodium hypobromite test

12. Titration
v Definition
v Equipment
v Indicators
v Types of titration
· Acid-base titration
· Precipitation titration
· Oxidation-reduction titration

PHYSIOLOGY (THEORY)
1. Energy Balance
v The energy balance
v The metabolic rate
v Basal metabolic rate
v The energy equivalent of oxygen
v The respiratory quotient

2. Factor Affecting The Metabolic Rate
3. Regulation of Food Intake
v Definition
v Neural centers for regulation of food intake
v Factor regulating food intake

· Long term
· Short term

4. TBL 1: Effects of Muscle Exercise on Metabolism

v Effects of high intensity, ultra short term exercise
v Effects of high intensity, short term exercise on metabolism
v Effects of long term exercise on metabolism
v Oxygen in the body

5. TBL 2: Physiology of Starvation
v Definition of starvation
v Causes of starvation
v Effects of complete starvation

PHYSIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

1. Normal Body Measurement
v Objectives
v Technique
v Equipment used
v Content of practical session
· Measurement of body weight (kg)
· Measurement of the body height (meters)
· Calculation of body mass index
· Interpretation of the value of body mass index (BMI)
· Measurement of the waist circumference
· Calculation of the hip/waist ratio
· Interpret the correlation between waist/hip circumference and health
· Determine the body fat percentage by abody fat meter (using the principe of bioimpedence analysis).

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
1. ILA: Diabetes
Community (Theory)
1. Concepts of Nutrition
· Definition of terms
· Nutrients
· Malnutrition
· Energy balance
· Metabolic Rate
· Basal Metabolic Rate
· Respiratory Quotient

2. Nutritional Requirement of Vulnerable Group
· Feeding of pregnant and lactating women
· Health consequences of maternal malnutrition
· Feeding of infants and growing children
· Industrial workers

3. Assessment of the nutritional status
· Methods of nutritional assessment
· Indirect methods of nutritional assessment
· Other anthropometric measurement
· Measurement for adults
· Nutritional indices for adults
· Dietary assessment
· Interpretation of dietary data

Community (Practical)

I. Diet planning
· Factors to be considered during diet planning
· Methods of diet planning
· Food exchange

Pediatric (ILA)
1. Marasmus

MODULE 3: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL SCIENCE


ANATOMY (THEORY)
a) Anatomical planes and terms
i. Anatomical Position
ii.Anatomical planes
iii.Terms of position

b) Embryology (cell development)
i.First week of development
· Fertilization
· Cleavage
· Implantation

ii.Second week of development (bilaminar disc)
iii.Third week of development (trilaminar disc)
· Umbilical cord
· Yolk sac
· Allantois

c) Layers of the body
i.The skin
ii.Applied anatomy
iii.Fascia
iv.Superficial Fascia
v.Deep fascia

d) Bones
i.The skeleton.
ii.Types of bones according to function

e) Joints
i.Types of joints
ii.Nerve supply of joints
iii.Applied anatomy of joints

f) The muscles
i.Types of muscle
ii.Skeletal muscles
iii.Terms of movement

g) Body cavities and membranes
i.The cranial cavity
ii.The thoracic cavity
iii.The abdominal cavity
iv.The pelvic cavity

h) The Cardiovascular system
i.The heart
ii.The blood supply of heart
iii.Blood circulation
iv.The blood vessels
· Arteries
· Veins
· Capillaries

i) The Nervous system
i.The central nervous system
ii.Peripheral nervous system

ANATOMY (PRACTICAL)
a) Embryology
i.Amnion and Amniotic Cavity
· Formation and Structure
ii.Placenta

b) Birth defects and prenatal diagnosis

HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY (THEORY)

1) The cell membrane and structure.
i. L.M picture
ii. E.M picture.
iii. The molecular structure of cell membrane.

2) The cytoplasmic organelles.
i. Ribosomes
Ø L.M pictures
Ø E.M pictures
Ø Types and Function of Ribosomes.

ii. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Ø Functions

iii. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Functions.

iv. Golgi Apparatus.
Ø L.M pictures
Ø E.M pictures
Ø Functions.

v. Endosomes.
Ø Early Endosomes.
Ø Late Endosomes.

vi. Lysosomes.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Pathway for intracellular digestion by lysosomes.
Ø Functions.

vii. Proteosomes.
viii. Mitochondria.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Genetic System of mitochondria.

ix. Peroxisomes.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Functions of Peroxisomes.

3) Cytoplasmic Inclusions.
i. Stored Food.
Ø Glycogen.
Ø Lipids.
Ø Proteins.
ii. Pigments.
Ø Endogenous Pigments.
Ø Exogenous Pigments.

4) The cytoskeleton.
i. Microfilaments.
Ø E.M pictures
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø Organisation of actin filaments.

ii. Microtubules.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø Structural Proteins.
Ø Functions.
Ø Microtubules organising centres.

iii. Intermediate filaments.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Structural Proteins.
Ø Functions and Classifications
.
iv. Centrosome.
Ø L.M pictures.
Ø E.M pictures.
Ø Functions.

v. Cilia and Flagella.
Ø Structures.

5) The Nucleus.
i. The nuclear Envelope.
Ø The outer membrane.
Ø The inner membrane.
Ø The nuclear pores.
Ø Transport across the nuclear pore complex.

ii. The nucleolus
iii. The nucleoplasm

6) The chromatin.
i. Structure.
ii. Classification of chromosomes.

7) Cell Division
i. The cell cycle.
Ø Cell division
Ø Inerphase.

ii. Mitosis.
Ø Prophase.
Ø Metaphase.
Ø Anaphase.
Ø Telophase.

iii. Meiosis.
Ø First meiotic division.
Ø Second meiotic division.

8) Cell Proliferation and Differentiation.
i. Cell proliferation in adults.
Ø Static Cell population.
Ø Quiescent cells.
Ø Labile cells.

ii. Cell differentiation
Ø Stem cells.
Ø Types of stem cells.
Ø Stem cells properties.
Ø Sources of stem cells for clinical application.
Ø Uses of stem cells in clinical applications.

9) Cell Death.
i. Necrosis.
ii. Apoptosis.

Ø What makes a cell decides to commit suicides.
Ø Morphological features.
Ø Mechanism of apoptosis.
Ø Major apoptotic pathways.

10) The Connective Tissue.
i. Functions.
ii. Common Characteristics of connective tissue.
iii. Structural elements of connective tissue.
Ø Ground substances.
Ø Fibers.
Ø Cells.

iv. Types of connective tissues.
Ø Mesenchymal connective tissues.
Ø Connective tissue proper.
Ø Cartilage.
Ø Bone
Ø Blood.

11) The Muscles Tissue.
i. Types of muscle tissue.
Ø Skeletal muscle.
Ø Cardiac muscles.
Ø Smooth muscles.

12) The Nervous Tissue.
13) The Integumentary System.
i. Skin.
Ø The epidermis.
Ø The dermis.
ii. Skin appendages.
Ø The hair.
Ø The nail.
Ø The sebaceous glands.

iii. Functions of the integumentary system.

HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

For each topic above, we observed the slides by light microscope and electronic microscope. In total we have 14 practical classes for histology.



BIOCHEMISTRY (THEORY)

a) Nucleotide Chemistry
i.Pyrimidines
ii.Purine
iii.Neucleosides
iv.Neucleotides
v.Naturally occurring neucleotides
vi.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

vii.Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
b) Nucleotide Metabolism
i.Purine metabolism
ii.Purine catabolism
iii.Clinical Disorders of Purine Metabolism
iv.Pyrimidine Metabolism
v.Pyrimidine Catabolism
vi.Clinical Disorders of pyrimidine metabolism

c) DNA replication
d) DNA repair
e) Transcription
f) Protein biosynthesis
g) Gene mutation
h) Gene expression
i) Recombinant DNA
i. DNA cloning

ii. Diagnostic techniques in molecular biology·
Application

BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

a) Uric acid
i.Determination of serum uric acid (Enzymatic Method)
ii.Color test for Nucleic acid components

PHYSIOLOGY (THEORY)

1) Plasma membrane support
- Passive Transport
a) Simple diffusion
b) Facilitated diffusion
- Active Transport

a) Primary Active Transport
Sodium – Potassium Pump

b) Secondary Active Transport
Co – Transport
Counter – Transport
- Body Fluid Exchange

a) Osmosis
b) Filtration
- Electrical Characteristics of the Cells

a) Causes of resting membrane potential-
Vesicular Transport of Macromolecules Across The Cell Membrane

a) Endocytosis
b) Exocytosis

c) Membrane Recycling

2) Homeostasis
- Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Characteristics of Control Systems
- Negative Feedback Mechanisms
- Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- Homeostatic Imbalance
- Integration of body functions

3) Cell communication
- Cell adhesion

a) Cell adhesion molecules(CAMs)
Integrins
Cadherins
Selectins

Immunoglobulins
- Cell – matrix adhesion

a) Intercellular junctions (cell to cell adhesion)
Occluding junctions
Anchoring junctions
Communicating junctions

4) Cell signalling and cell transduction
- Definition and Overviews
- Molecular Mechanisms of Signal transduction
- Elements of A Signal Transduction System
- Type of Receptor
- Neurotransmitters

PHYSIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

1) Disturbance in signal transduction (TBL)
- Background
- Examples resulting in development of tumor


MEDICAL GENETICS (THEORY)

1) Introduction to Medical Genetics
- Impact of Genetic Disease
- Types of Genetic Disease
- Definitions of Important Terms
- Pedigree Construction

2) Chromosomal Segregation
- Error in Cell Division
- X- Chromosome Inactivation : Basis and Nature of Barr Body
- Methods of Chromosome Analysis
- Classification of the Chromosomes
- Other methods of chromosome analysis

3) Chromosomal Disorder
- Causes of chromosomal abnormalities
- Types of chromosomal abnormalities

4) Inheritance
- Single Gene Disorder
- Mendelian Inheritance
- Characteristics of different modes of Mendelian Inheritance
a) Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
b) Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
c) Sex Linked Inheritance
d) Unusual Features in Single Gene Patterns of Inheritance